The word endophyte keeps cropping up in magazine articles, talks and in seed advertisements. Associated with it are all sorts of claims of insect resistance, stress tolerance, etc. This article will attempt to give you the facts as well as point out some precautions when buying seed containing endophyte.
What is an Endophyte?
An endophyte is a fungus which grows inside a plant. The endophytes that we are most concerned with are the ones growing inside a turfgrass plant. These endophytes, unlike disease causing fungi, do not cause any harm to the turfgrass plant. Currently, endophytes have been found in tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, hard fescue chewings fescue and creeping red fescue. There are no known endophytes occurring in Kentucky bluegrass or creeping bent grass. Endophytes are found in all parts of the plant except the roots with the highest concentration found in the leaf sheath.
Endophytes and Insect Tolerance
The discovery that high endophyte grasses were resistant to insect feeding was accidental. A study in New Zealand was looking at the effect of endophytes on sheep grazing. After this study it was discovered that when the tall fescue was growing in after grazing that the endophyte free tall fescue was being attacked by a grass pest called the Argentine Stem Weevil but the high endophyte plot was not attacked.
Since this chance discovery many research reports on turfgrass species containing endophytes have shown that they enhance resistance to surface feeding insects including sod webworm, bill bugs and chinch bugs. The endophyte either produces a poison or makes the plant produce a chemical which repels insects that feed on turf. Studies have shown that the amount of insect resistance is directly proportional to the percentage of endophyte living within the turfgrass plant (Figure 1).
| Figure 1 | |
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The plot on the left is a non-endophyte enhanced cultivar showing insect feeding damage. The plot on the right is endophyte enhanced and resistant to insect feeding. |
Endophyte enhanced turfgrasses have shown increased stress tolerance. This has been expressed by reduced weed invasion, better summer survival and fall recovery after a drought. The reasons for the enhanced stress tolerance are not well understood.
How Are Endophytes Passed on From Generation to Generation?
A turfgrass plant containing endophytes will have endophytes in the leaves and sheath. When that plant goes to seed the endophytes will grow into the seed also. As long as those seeds containing the endophytes are properly stored those endophytes will remain in the seed. When that seed germinates and grows into a turfgrass plant the resulting plant will also contain the endophyte.
Effect of Seed Storage on Endophytes
The endophytic fungus which is present in turfgrass seed at the time of harvest can lose its viability very quickly if it is not stored under proper conditions. The storage conditions necessary to maintain endophyte viability in the seed are cool dry conditions. According to some studies conducted with tall fescue at a temperature of 5E C seed containing 100% endophytic fungi can be stored up to 15 months without losing the viability of the endophytes. On the other hand endophytic seed stored at 21E C will lose 40% of its endophytes in 7 months and all of its endophytes in 11 months.
What Role Can Endophytic Turfgrasses Play in Turf Management?
Due to the inherent insect resistance of endophytic grasses they are a useful tool in an integrated pest management (IPM) approach to turf management. Seeding with perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, hard fescue, chewings and creeping red fescue containing endophytes whenever possible, will reduce reliance on pesticides for control of above ground feeding inspects. Added to this is the enhanced stress tolerance making your job as a turf manager easier. A list of turf cultivars which contain endophytes can be found in OMAFRA Publication 384, TURFGRASS Management Recommendations (which can be ordered through the "Products & Services" link at the bottom of this document) or see Table 1. As well, information with regard to species and cultivars which contain endophytes can be obtained from your seed supplier.
For more information…regarding debunking endophytes contact Pam Charbonneau at: pcharbon@omafra.gov.on.ca or visit the GUELPH TURFGRASS INSTITUTE website at http://www.uoguelph.ca/GTI…the place to surf for turf!
Original Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs – http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/crops/facts/endophyt.htm
